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- Date sent: Sat, 27 Apr 1996 14:14:46 -0700
-
- Throughout human existence, the subject of love has been of great fascination to
- many. Questions such as : "What is love?" and "What is the work of love?" are some of great
- questions of the universe that has transcended time; yet with no absolute answers. There is
- perhaps no correct answers to the phenomena of love. It exists in many strata. It is
- perpetually subject to debate, for we all are experts of love in our own rights. In the
- symposium, Plato gave accounts of speeches from different speakers. Yet the focus of this
- essay is on Aristophanes and Socrates. Their explanations of love and critical comments to
- will be answered to these questions: 1) What is love? 2) How do lovers select their
- beloveds? and 3) What is the work of love?
-
- What is love?
- In his speech, Aristophanes engages in the discussion of love, encompassing human
- nature as whole rather than individualistic aspects. According to a myth, we were
- originally created as a single being, united with our beloved. As pairs, we were quite
- powerful and chaotic, such that the god had to split us into two. Thereafter, life became a
- pursuit, a pursuit for the other half, a "pursuit for wholeness, to be complete." And this
- is what Aristophanes defines as love. He believes that love is innate: " love is born into
- every human being"(191 D). He is expressing that the phenomenon of love is as natural and
- inherent to us as breathing itself. Like other amenities of life, Love fulfills us. "To be
- in love is to see the other individual as a special complement to one's existence."
- Socrates, on the other hand, defines love as the desire to possess good and beautiful
- entities, which he presently lacks. By a dialectical method, questioning Agathon, he
- manifests that love cannot presently possess the object of affection. Even when he desires
- what he has, what he really desire is "the preservation of what he now has in time to come,
- so that he will have it then." It follows then, that he wants, rather than has the good.
- Thus, Love itself is not beautiful. This however, does not imply that Love is ugly or evil.
- Rather, Love is in between; just as there is something between wisdom and ignorance- the
- right opinion. He is in between mortal and immortal. "He is a great spirit. Everything
- spiritual is between god and mortal" (202 E). Thus, Love is an intermediate spirit who
- interprets between gods and men.
- Although there seems to be great disparity between the two, Aristophanes' and
- Socrates' speeches actually merge in their paths. Is it not human inclination to desire good
- and beauty? Is it not then, that to have good and beauty is to embrace it body and soul and
- never wanting to depart it? Thus, the desire to unite with the other half is analogous, if
- not the same to the desire to possess good and beauty, but in a broader scope.
- Aristophanes' and Socrates' explanations of love greatly mirror the nature of our existence
- today. Love is the knot that binds two people together. Love is having possession of
- freedom, which lies, perhaps, in the highest scale of goodness. The Americans are notorious
- for their freedom. They have it now. And it is certain that they want to always possess
- it.
-
- How do lovers select their beloveds?
-
- The subjects and objects in Aristophanes' schema of love is confined solely to human
- beings. The question is then, "how do lovers select their beloveds?" According to
- Aristophanes, they choose their original other half. Since everybody is a "matching half of
- a human whole" (191D), lovers tend to select what is like themselves. If a man was
- originally of the double sort, he will seek a woman to complete him. If he was split from
- a male, he will be male-oriented; their choice depends on their original orientation. In
- essence, Aristophanes believes that there is someone for everyone and that the match will
- fit like that of a substrate and enzyme.
- In Socrates' scala amoris, the object of desire, the beloved, is generalized into the
- categories of goodness or beauty. A man select a beloved that which ultimately brings him
- happiness. Thus, the lover can love men, animals, life, wisdom, or anything which has the
- predominant characteristic of being good or beautiful. However, like a religion, he must be
- pious, he must dedicate himself only to that beloved; "It's only when people are devoted
- exclusively to a special kind of love that we use these words, 'love,' and 'in love' and
- 'lovers'(205 D).
- Aristophanes' discussion of lovers and their beloveds is orchestrated by his myth.
- However, the myth is only an analogy representing his adamant belief that human beings are
- incomplete without their beloveds. Lovers complement each other in many ways. An
- idealistic person will compensate for the realist, a romantic complements a stoic, and same
- for an optimist and a pessimist. Thus, lovers provide each other balance in life, which
- often means one thing..... happiness!
- The beloveds in Socrates' speech are symbolic nature of good and beauty. The lovers
- are those who desire possession of them. If this is so, then every human being is a
- lover; everyone of us is Love. For, we all know what it is to desire good and beauty.
- Nevertheless, Socrates installs boundaries and limitations when he says that people must
- devote themselves exclusively to the beloveds; only then are they 'in love' and are they
- considered 'lovers.' The love Socrates speaks of is almost absolute and unconditional. A
- revolutionist fighting for a cause would be considered a lover; the cause in which he
- believes to be good is his beloved.
- Socrates, however, argues that "a lover does not seek the half or whole." Thus, he
- opposes Aristophanes' view. However, in dissecting the speeches, one can interpret that
- Aristophanes' "other half" must represent good and beauty. And the special love Socrates
- speaks off, in essence, would fulfill and complete his existence. This may not necessarily
- be physical complement, but it is indeed, spiritual.
-
-
- What is the work of love?
- The central, grandest achievement of love is unity. Aristophanes believes that the
- union of lovers and their beloveds ultimately brings about happiness. In the myth,
- Aristophanes tells us that Apollo was commanded to heal the wound after human beings were
- split apart and reoriented. Here, he personifies love as a healer. It is the great work of
- love that mediates the union between lovers: "love calls back the halves of our original
- nature together; it tries to make one out of two and heal the wound of nature" (191 D). Is
- he implying that to be incomplete is to be in the state of illness? If so, it is the union
- then, that provides the cure.
- Aristophanes view love as a great god that endow our world with the greatest gift:
- unity and therefore happiness. He believes that "we must praise Love.. .Love draws us
- towards what belongs us. For the future, Love promises the greatest hope of all: if we
- treat the gods with due reverence, he will restore to us our original nature, and by healing
- us, he will make us blessed and happy" (193 D). When Aristophanes say to revere Love, he
- may also mean to revere love the phenomenon. For, love is a serious matter. It does
- mysterious wonders. Yet in the same token, it can relentlessly bring about great pain and
- misery. Thus, Aristophanes is indirectly warning us when he says " so, there's a danger
- that if we don't keep order before the god, he will split us into two again" (193 B).
- According to Socrates, the great work of love, grander than the union of lovers, is
- offspring or immortality and happiness. It is the principle of nature that "mortals seek as
- far as possible to live forever and be immortal"(207 D). ( This idea, later, is to be part
- of Darwin's theory of evolution). Socrates explains earlier in the speech that love is the
- desire for good and beauty and that one wants to always possess them. Thus, in the presence
- of a beautiful body, we naturally want to give birth, to create something beautiful. "Love
- is not beauty alone, but creation of beauty"(206 D). By doing so, we have immortalized the
- beauty that is present. Socrates talks of pregnancy not only in term of reproduction of
- another being, but in a broader spectrum; such as the conception of virtue and wisdom. for
- example, it was wisdom that brought about order and harmony in cities and homes. This is
- known as the moderation of justice (210 E). Socrates believes that "anyone will do
- anything for the sake of immortality, virtue, and the glorious fame that follows; the better
- the people, the more they will do, for they are all in love with immortality" (208E). Thus
- it through love, the messenger, that the divine is born.
- It is also through love that a vivid painting of Beauty is portrayed for us. It goes
- from
- one beautiful body to manifold other, successively higher (here, he longer talks about
- pulchritude, but rather Beauty itself. Thus in "the end we learn what it is to be
- beautiful" (211 D). Thus, via Love, we can become immortal and know Beauty itself. But in
- order to do so, as stated by Aristophanes, we must honor the rites of love. We must be true
- to virtue and nourish it. Socrates state that to acquire this virtue, "human nature can
- find no better workmate ..than Love" (212 C).
- Both Socrates and Aristophanes praise the work of love, however, under the condition
- that love is honored. In many respect, love is omnipotent; from it we can extract the power
- to pursuit virtue and immortality. It was through the love of nature that Emerson produced
- his famous work: Nature. It was perhaps from his knowledge of beautiful bodies that Michael
- Angelo painted the most exquisite portraits of human anatomy.
- Throughout their speeches, Socrates and Aristophanes speak of a recurrent theme of
- love; it's ultimate end beatitude. Though, the speeches are set in different regard and
- ideologies, they are in many respect, similar. That is , to acquire or unite with good and
- beauty to embrace happiness. The speech of Aristophanes indeed, foreshadows that of
- Socrates'.
-
- ---
- Name: TX-PLATO.TXT
- Uploader: Terrance Xavier
- Email: terrax@delta.net
- Language: English
- Subject: Philosophy
- Title: What is love and the work of love?
- Grade: 88%
- System: College
- Age: 20
- Country: USA
- Comments: Love according to Socrates, Plato, and Aristophanes
- Where I got Evil House of Cheat Address: My friend
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